ENDOCRINOLOGY


  -  A branch of medicine which deals with the structure and function of substances that produce by the endocrine gland which is known as HORMONES.

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 IMPORTANT TERMS:

• Endocrine gland - Specialize glands located in the different body parts.
•  Hormones- Chemical substances produced by Endocrine gland.                                 

TYPES OF ENDOCRINE GLANDS:


1. Hypothalamus- Found in Region of  Forebrain in the floor up third ventricle and connects with the thalamus.
          
   FUNCTIONS:

• Controlling Body temperature   
• Thirst
• Hunger
• Eating 
• Water Balance                                                                                                 

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2. Pituitary Gland - "master of endocrine gland"
                - "pea size" that attach beneath the hypothalamus
                 - It has a Anterior and Posterior Gland
2 TYPES OF LOBES:
              
1.Anterior Lobe (Adenohypophysis)

 STIMULATES THE FF:

•   TSH (Thyroid stimulating hormone) - Stimulates thyroid tissue growth and production                                    of thyroid hormone.
• ACTH ( Adenocorticotrophic hormone) - stimulates glucocorticoid production and influences fat tissue metabolism.             

              2. Posterior Lobe (Neurohyphophysis)

STIMULATES THE FF:

• Vasopressin- Increases the reabsorption of water by the kidneys.
• Oxytoxin- prevents excessive water loss in the body.

 FUNCTIONS:                          

•    Contraction of the uterus dying labour.
•    Contraction of muscle fiber in milk ducts ( Milk flow)                 

3. Thyroid- "large endocrine gland", found in the base of the neck.

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FUNCTIONS:    

• Metabolism, Calorigenesis, Protein turnover, Hydromineral balance and Growth and Maturation of Individual.

4. Adrenal Gland- aka "suprarenal gland"
                     - composed of Medulla ( Gray core of gland)         and Cortex (yellowish tissue sorrounding the  medulla)


5. Pancreas- Secretes  Insulin and Glucagon.


6. GONADS- produces male and female reproducting organs called "Gametes"


TOXICOLOGY
          - Study of the poisonous materials and their effects upon living organisms, including their physical and Chemical effects but also their detection.


            4 MAJOR DISCIPLINES W/IN TOXICOLOGY:

• Mechanistic Toxicology- explains biochemical and cellular effects of the toxins.
• Descriptive Toxicology- Uses an animal to predict the level of exposure that will cause harm to humans.
• Forensic Toxicology- concerned with the medicolegal toxin exposure.
• Clinical Toxicology- used in diagnostic testing and therapeutic intervention.

ROUTES OF EXPOSURE:

- INGESTION

- INHALATION
- TRANSDERMAL ABSORPTION

IMPORTANT TERMS:

POISON-  Substance that can cause harmful effect.

DOSE RESPONSE RELATIONSHIP- States that there will be increase in toxic response as the toxic increased.

LD50- Dose uptp 50% death population

TD50- Toxic produce in 50% of population

ED50- Dose taht has a therapeutic benefit in 50% of population.

TOXICITY- ability of a substance produce upon reaching a susceptible site of the body.

ACUTE  TOXICITY  VS. CHRONIC TOXICITY 

    - Term used to relate the duration and frequency upon exposure to toxic.

             ACUTE TOXICITY- Short term exposure to toxic substance.

             CHRONIC TOXICITY - repeated frequent exposure to toxic substance.

DRUG TESTING

        - Branch of Science deals with the study of substance given to humans and animals for the treatment, prevention or the diagnosis of illnesses and for relief symptoms.