ANIMAL and PLANT TOXINS

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TOXINS

-  Substances created by plants 

and animals that are poisonous

 to humans. 

ANIMAL TOXINS   

- It resembles bacterial toxins 

in its antigenic properties that 

are found in the fluids of a 

certain animals.

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E.g

• MYOTOXIN-    Are small basic peptides found in the snake venoms (e.g Rattlesnakes)  & Non-enzymatic mechanism that leads to severe muscle necrosis.

                                     BOTULISM TOXIN

-    Most deadly naturally occurring neurotoxins, produced by naturally occurring clostridium botulinum.

     -   Improperly preserve foods accounted for cases of botulism and has been associated with freshly prepared foods that were not properly refrigerated.

Haemorrhagins

-  Group of toxins found in certain venoms (e.g Rattlesnake and Ricin)

-     Causes degeneration and lyses of endothelial cells in capillaries and small vessels, resulting in small hemorrhages in the tissue.

PLANT TOXINS

-  Any substance that produced by plants that is similar in its properties to extracellular bacterial toxin.

OPIUM

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    -  Is a type of narcotic (analgesic) drug derived from opium poppy.

      

EFFECTS:

     ·         Dizziness

     ·         Sedation (production of a restful state of mind)

     ·         Nausea

     ·         Vomiting

     ·         Reduce the activity of the intestinal muscle causing constipation.

COCAINE

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-          Powerfully addictive central nervous system stimulant.

-    Makes you  feel Euphoric (feeling of great happiness) and Energetic

EFFECTS:

·         Increases Body Temperature

·         Increases Blood Pressure

·         Faster  heart rate

STRYCHINE

-          Aka “NUX VOMICA”

-          Source of the mainly poisonous alkaloids 

     

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Anterior Pituitary Hormone

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A major organ of the endocrine system, the Pituitary gland

Hypothalamus that regulates anterior gland;

It attains through the secretion of hormone,

Which regulates several physiological progress

That includes growth, reproduction and stress.

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Thyroid Stimulating hormone, produced by pituitary gland.

T3 and T4  major hormones secreted by thyroid gland;

Which is manufactured in hypothalamus called TRH

Hormone that controlled the production of TSH,

And this transported via the anterior gland.

FSH is responsible for the sex hormones,

That triggers the arrival of Gonadotropin hormones

Its stimuli produce Luitenizing hormones,

Invigorates both Female hormones called Progesterone;

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And Male hormone called  Testosterone.

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PRL initiates and maintain milk secretion

Which prepares the mammary gland for milk production

PRL remains high during lactation;

That leads to loss of reproductive function,  

And inappropriate milk production

Growth Hormone stimulates growth reproduction,

That can cause height production.,

But manufactured different condition.

Hypersecretion  leads to Gigantism;

While Hyposecretion leads to dwarfism.

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ENDOCRINOLOGY


  -  A branch of medicine which deals with the structure and function of substances that produce by the endocrine gland which is known as HORMONES.

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 IMPORTANT TERMS:

• Endocrine gland - Specialize glands located in the different body parts.
•  Hormones- Chemical substances produced by Endocrine gland.                                 

TYPES OF ENDOCRINE GLANDS:


1. Hypothalamus- Found in Region of  Forebrain in the floor up third ventricle and connects with the thalamus.
          
   FUNCTIONS:

• Controlling Body temperature   
• Thirst
• Hunger
• Eating 
• Water Balance                                                                                                 

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2. Pituitary Gland - "master of endocrine gland"
                - "pea size" that attach beneath the hypothalamus
                 - It has a Anterior and Posterior Gland
2 TYPES OF LOBES:
              
1.Anterior Lobe (Adenohypophysis)

 STIMULATES THE FF:

•   TSH (Thyroid stimulating hormone) - Stimulates thyroid tissue growth and production                                    of thyroid hormone.
• ACTH ( Adenocorticotrophic hormone) - stimulates glucocorticoid production and influences fat tissue metabolism.             

              2. Posterior Lobe (Neurohyphophysis)

STIMULATES THE FF:

• Vasopressin- Increases the reabsorption of water by the kidneys.
• Oxytoxin- prevents excessive water loss in the body.

 FUNCTIONS:                          

•    Contraction of the uterus dying labour.
•    Contraction of muscle fiber in milk ducts ( Milk flow)                 

3. Thyroid- "large endocrine gland", found in the base of the neck.

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FUNCTIONS:    

• Metabolism, Calorigenesis, Protein turnover, Hydromineral balance and Growth and Maturation of Individual.

4. Adrenal Gland- aka "suprarenal gland"
                     - composed of Medulla ( Gray core of gland)         and Cortex (yellowish tissue sorrounding the  medulla)


5. Pancreas- Secretes  Insulin and Glucagon.


6. GONADS- produces male and female reproducting organs called "Gametes"


TOXICOLOGY
          - Study of the poisonous materials and their effects upon living organisms, including their physical and Chemical effects but also their detection.


            4 MAJOR DISCIPLINES W/IN TOXICOLOGY:

• Mechanistic Toxicology- explains biochemical and cellular effects of the toxins.
• Descriptive Toxicology- Uses an animal to predict the level of exposure that will cause harm to humans.
• Forensic Toxicology- concerned with the medicolegal toxin exposure.
• Clinical Toxicology- used in diagnostic testing and therapeutic intervention.

ROUTES OF EXPOSURE:

- INGESTION

- INHALATION
- TRANSDERMAL ABSORPTION

IMPORTANT TERMS:

POISON-  Substance that can cause harmful effect.

DOSE RESPONSE RELATIONSHIP- States that there will be increase in toxic response as the toxic increased.

LD50- Dose uptp 50% death population

TD50- Toxic produce in 50% of population

ED50- Dose taht has a therapeutic benefit in 50% of population.

TOXICITY- ability of a substance produce upon reaching a susceptible site of the body.

ACUTE  TOXICITY  VS. CHRONIC TOXICITY 

    - Term used to relate the duration and frequency upon exposure to toxic.

             ACUTE TOXICITY- Short term exposure to toxic substance.

             CHRONIC TOXICITY - repeated frequent exposure to toxic substance.

DRUG TESTING

        - Branch of Science deals with the study of substance given to humans and animals for the treatment, prevention or the diagnosis of illnesses and for relief symptoms.